Black Kite: Characteristics, habitat, and observation in Monfragüe

The black kite, scientifically known as Milvus migrans, is a medium-sized bird of prey. Its length ranges between 50 and 60 centimeters, with a wingspan of 130 to 150 centimeters. It is characterized by its dark brown plumage and forked tail. This bird inhabits various regions of Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia. In Spain, it is mainly found in the north and west, particularly in Extremadura, where it can be observed in habitats near water sources and open areas.

General Information on the Black Kite

This section provides an overview of the black kite, a bird that stands out in European avifauna.

The black kite is scientifically known as Milvus migrans. This name is commonly used by ornithologists and naturalists to identify this species in various regions where it is found.

Wingspan and Length

The black kite is a medium-sized bird. Its measurements include:

• Length: Between 50 and 60 centimeters.
• Wingspan: Around 130 to 150 centimeters.

These dimensions make it an easily recognizable species in flight and in its natural habitats.

Key Identification Features

To identify the black kite, it is important to observe the following characteristics:

• Plumage: Dark brown, which may appear lighter in juvenile specimens.
• Head: Light gray in adults.
• Underside: Features a distinctive reddish mottling.
• Eyes: Typically yellow, adding a distinctive trait to its appearance.
• Tail: Forked, though less pronounced than that of related species like the red kite.

The combination of these attributes makes it easy to distinguish from other kites and birds of prey. In flight, the black kite demonstrates agility and control, using its tail as a rudder, making it a remarkable sight to observe.

Habitat and Distribution

The black kite is a species found in diverse environments, contributing to its wide distribution. Below are details about its preferred habitats and presence in different regions.

Preferred Habitat

The black kite prefers habitats near water sources, including rivers, lakes, and wetlands. It is commonly found in open areas such as meadows and agricultural fields, which facilitate access to food. Additionally, it adapts well to human-modified environments, such as landfills and urban areas. This adaptability is crucial for its survival, as it allows the species to utilize a variety of food resources in different habitat types.

Distribution in Europe and Other Regions

The black kite has an extensive distribution, covering much of Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia. It is frequently found in temperate Palearctic environments and adapts to various climates. In Europe, its populations are most numerous in countries such as Russia, Spain, France, and Germany. In Africa, it is commonly seen in the northern and western regions.

Distribution in Spain

In Spain, the black kite is primarily found in the north and west of the country. It is common in provinces such as Galicia, León, and Castilla y León. This bird is also frequently observed in areas associated with large rivers and dehesas (oak woodlands). However, its presence is limited in Mediterranean regions, as well as in the Balearic and Canary Islands.

Presence in Extremadura

Extremadura is one of the best regions for observing black kites in Spain. Here, they are found in large numbers, especially in river valleys and areas with scattered trees. The dehesas are particularly attractive to this species, as they provide both nesting sites and food sources. The combination of these habitats favors the conservation and population growth of the species.

Behavior and Adaptability

The black kite stands out for its versatile behavior and ability to adapt to various environments, which has allowed it to thrive in different habitats and conditions. Its scavenging and opportunistic nature enable it to take advantage of various food sources, aiding its survival in a changing world.

Diet and Scavenging Behavior

The black kite is known for its varied diet, which includes prey it can hunt as well as carrion. Its ability to feed on what it finds in its environment demonstrates its adaptability.

Food Sources

• Small birds, which it can hunt in flight.
• Fish, which it catches in bodies of water.
• Small mammals and reptiles, captured during active foraging.
• Carrion, collected from animal remains, a common behavior in this species.

Hunting Strategies

This species uses various hunting strategies. It often glides at low altitudes, using its keen eyesight to detect potential prey or food sources. It also uses its flight skills to take advantage of thermal currents and maintain constant surveillance of the terrain.

Interaction with Human Environments

The proximity of the black kite to human settlements reflects its adaptability. These birds are commonly associated with areas where humans have altered the environment. Their behavior includes searching for food in unexpected places.

Observation in Landfills and Feeding Stations

Black kites are attracted to landfills and feeding stations, where they find easy-access food. These areas are ideal for their survival, providing a constant energy source. Observing these birds in such places offers a unique opportunity for ornithologists and bird enthusiasts to study their behaviors and feeding patterns in urban and peri-urban environments.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

This aspect of the black kite’s life is fascinating and includes several crucial stages contributing to the continuity of the species. From the beginning of the breeding season to the rearing of chicks, each phase is significant.

Breeding Season

The breeding season begins in spring when black kites return to their nesting sites after winter migration. During this period, males establish territories and seek the attention of females. This selection and pairing process is vital to ensure the species’ reproductive success.

Nest Construction and Egg Laying

The nest is usually built in sturdy trees at medium heights to provide protection. Both parents participate in nest-building, creating a well-structured and solid platform.

Nest Materials

• Sturdy sticks and branches.
• Grass and diverse vegetation.
• Fabric scraps and other available materials.

The choice of materials varies depending on local availability and habitat conditions, demonstrating the species’ adaptability to different environments.

Incubation and Chick Rearing

The female lays between one and five eggs, which are incubated for approximately thirty days. During this time, both parents take turns incubating and foraging for food. Once the chicks hatch, both parents continue providing care and protection, ensuring the survival of their offspring.

Differences Between Sexes and Ages

Males and females show slight differences in some physical characteristics, with males being slightly larger. Juveniles have paler plumage and a distinctive pattern that differentiates them from adults. As they grow, they gradually acquire their parents’ characteristics, a process that occurs during their first year of life.

Migration of the Black Kite

Migration is a fundamental aspect of the black kite’s life, as it moves seasonally between breeding areas and wintering grounds.

Migration Routes

Black kites that breed in Europe migrate south each year. These birds undertake impressive journeys, covering great distances to reach their winter destinations.

Migration Dates and Patterns

Migration occurs mainly in late August, when black kites begin leaving their breeding grounds. They gather in large flocks in strategic locations, such as the Strait of Gibraltar, where they wait for suitable conditions to continue their journey to Africa. The return migration to breeding territories usually begins in February.

Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Once in Africa, many individuals disperse across sub-Saharan regions, taking advantage of abundant resources. During this stage, black kites adapt their behavior and diet to local conditions, allowing them to survive in various habitats.

Migration in the Iberian Peninsula

In the Iberian Peninsula, a particular migratory phenomenon is observed. Some individuals, instead of continuing south, remain in specific areas of Andalusia and Extremadura during the winter months. These birds often share communal roosts with red kites, offering unique opportunities for birdwatching.

Conservation and Threats

Current Conservation Status

Although classified as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List, the black kite still faces various threats that could impact its populations. Despite its wide distribution, some local populations show declining trends due to habitat changes and other environmental pressures.

Major Threats

• Habitat loss: Urbanization and agricultural intensification reduce suitable nesting and hunting areas.
• Environmental pollution: Water and soil contamination affects food availability and overall bird health.
• Hunting: Although not directly targeted, poaching in certain regions can indirectly affect its population.
• Reduction of food sources: The decline in carrion and natural prey populations limits feeding opportunities.